PREFACE
Praise and Thank to Allah SWT because the mercy and guidance so a paper about "Language, Dialect and Varieties" can be completed on time. And do not forget to send shalawat and salam to our propet Muhammad S.A.W.
And thank you very much to the teacher who has given knowledge and understanding to us so we able made this paper. we also say thank you to our friends who have provided support and encouragement in writing this paper
We knows that this paper is still far from perfection. Therefore, the authors is very hope suggestion, critic and advice from reader as guidelines for making paper in the next time.
Author hopes this paper can be useful and can give knowledge to the reader's about "Language, Dialect and Varieties". Amin!
Pekanbaru, October 2014
Authors
Table of Contents
PREFACE i
CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Backgroun of Problem 1
1.2 Formulation of Problem 1
1.3 Objectives 1
CHAPTER II : Discussion 2
1. Definition of Language, Dilect and Varieties 2
2. Types of Dialect 4
CHAPTER III : Closing 5
Conclution 5
REFERENCE 6
Chapter I
Introduction
1.1 Background of Problem
As we know that in fact, the language in the world is not a single language but different. Moreover, in a variety of languages have various forms, such as standard and non-standard variations. These variations arise because of social and cultural factors, where individuals or groups of individuals live.
Shape or form of language of a person or group of people less influenced by environmental or extra lingual factors that come into contact with it. Therefore extra lingual factor is thus a form of language to suit a wide-variety of social reality that reflection.
All languages exhibit internal variation, each language exists in a number of varieties and is in one sense the sum of those varieties. Hudson (1996, p. 22). Defines a variety of language as ‘a set of linguistic items with similar distribution,’ a definition that allows us to say that all of the following are varieties: Canadian English, London English, the English of football commentaries, and so on.
Speakers have various ways of saying the same thing. It may arise from the mechanical limitations of the speech organs for instance speaker may not be fully under the speaker’s control. Linguistic variable is linguistic unit or a sociolinguistic has variant in lexical and grammatical, but are most often phonological.
The terms of variety language are emerged due to different systems reflecting different varieties of the human condition. Variety is a specific set of ‘linguistic items’ or ‘human speech patterns’ (presumably, sounds, words, grammatical features, etc.) which we can connect with some external factor apparently, a geographical area or a social group (Hudson, 1996; Ferguson, 1972 and Wardhaugh, 2006).
1.2 Formulation of Problems
1. What is language?
2. What is dialects?
3. What is varieties?
1.3 Objectives
1. To know what is language
2. To know what is dialects
3. To know what is varieties
Chapter II
Discussion
Language, Dialect and Varieties
1. Definition of Language, Dialeg and Varieties
Lower part of variety language is dialect and as the main part is language. Language and dialect can be the same when language was spoken by a few people and has only one variety but some expert say it is unsuitable to say dialect and language is the same because the requirement of lower part can not be found. We can say also Dialect A, B, C and so on is the part of language X because it is spoken by many varieties dialect A, B, C. Edward (2009) also define dialect as a variety of a language that differs from others along three dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent).
Many people there can be no confusion at all about what language they speak. For example, they are Chinese, Japanese, or Korean and they speak. Chinese, Japanese, and Korean respectively. It is as simple as that; language and ethnicity are virtually synonymous (Coulmas, 1999)
A Chinese may be surprised to find that another person who appears to be Chinese does not speak Chinese, and some Japanese have gone so far as to claim not to be able to understand Caucasians who speak fluent Japanese. Just as such a strong connection between language and ethnicity may prove to be invaluable in nation-building, it can also be fraught with problems when individuals and groups seek to realize some other identity.
Language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors. Language may change form region to region, from one social to another, from individual to individual, and from situation to situation. This actual changes result in the varieties of language. There are some points of varieties of language: standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins and ceoles.
Dialect is a varieties of language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class. The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usege rifers to a variety of language that is a characteristics of a particular group of the language’s speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech petterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. The other usege refers to a language that is socially cognate to the standard to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it. The study of dialect is called dialectology.
There are 7 criterias of language, they are:
1. Standardization : Codification of language: grammars, spelling books, dictionaries,
literature. It is possible to teach. To make standardization, it require choosing one elite vernacular and it can be prestigious
2. Vitality : The existence of a living community of speakers.
3. Historicity : A particular group of people finds their identity by using a particular
Language
4. Autonomy : Other speakers of a language must be felt different from other languages
5. Reduction : Particular variety may be regarded as a sub-variety rather than as an
independent entity.
6. Mixture : Feelings about the purity or lack of purity of variety
7. De facto norms : Speakers recognize as ‘good’ speakers and ‘poor’ speakers and that the
good speakers represent the norms of proper usage.
A dialect is a type of language spoken by a group of people. Sometimes people who live in teh same place make a dialect. Sometimes people who are similar in some way make a dialect. There is no agreed difference between a dialect and a language. Other dialects are different types of a language that come from different places or countries.
The various relationships among languages and dialects discussed above can be used to show how the concepts of ‘power’ and ‘solidarity’ help us understand what is happening. Power requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities: one has more of something that is important, e.g. status, money, influence. Language has more power than any of its dialects. It is the powerful dialect but it has become so becauseof non-linguistic factors. Standard English and Parisian French are good examples. Still another difficulty arises from the fact that the terms.
Register are varieties of language used in different situations, which are identified by degrees of formality. Register can be vary from vocabulary, phonology, grammar to semantics. Register is determined by some factors:
• Field of discourse: what is being disscussed
• Mode of discourse: oral or written
• Tenor of discourse: relation between participant.
The 3 variables determine the features of language fit with the situation. When fitted, the right register turns up.
A register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, when speaking in a formal setting, an english speaker my be more likely to adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in –ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. “walking”, not “walkin”). Choose more formal words (e.g. father vs.dad, child vs. Kid, etc), and refrain from using contractions such an ain’t, then when speaking in an informal setting.
2. Types of Dialect
A dialect is a social variety of a language or a form of a language spoken in different region of that place. Dialect can be one of two different thing: a variety of language that is specific to one group of speakers. That is can be effect of the area they live in, and social class.
4 types of dialects:
a. Regional or geographical dialect : varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area.
b. Temporal dialect : varieties of a language used at particular stages in it’s historical development.
c. Social dialect : varieties of a language used by people belonginng to particular social classes.
d. Idiolects : varieties of language used by individual speakers, with particularities of pronounciation, grammar and vocabullary.
e. Style : the way speakers speak, the speaker also can make a choice weather informal and formal, it depends on circumstance and the age and social group of participant.
Chapter III
Closing
Conclution
Based on the explanation above, the writer will give summarize to readers about the “Language, Dialeg and Varieties”. The language and dialect as follow: Lower part of variety language is dialect and as the main part is language. Register are varieties of language used in different situations, which are identified by degrees of formality. Language may change form region to region, from one social to another, from individual to individual, and from situation to situation. This actual changes result in the varieties of language. There are some points of varieties of language: standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins and ceoles. Criterias of language: Standardization, Vitality, Historicity, Autonomy, Reduction, Mixture and De facto norms.
The diffrences in dilect are because sometimes people who live in teh same place make a dialect and sometimes people who are similar in some way make a dialect. Other dialects are different types of a language that come from different places or countries. Dialect can be one of two different thing: a variety of language that is specific to one group of speakers. That is can be effect of the area they live in, and social class. Types of dialects: Regional or geographical dialect, Temporal dialect, Social dialect, Idiolects and Style.
References
http://rajinbelajarrr.blogspot.com/2014/03/makalah-sociolinguistic-dialects-and.html
http://waodesittinurindah.blogspot.com/2013/05/makalh-pidgins-and-creole-in.html
file:///D:/FOLDER%20SIZUUU/campuss/TUGAS%20KULIAH/SEMESTER%205/sociolinguistics/ebooksclub.org__An_Introduction_to_Sociolinguistics__Blackwell_Textbooks_in_Linguistics_.pdf
Amelia, rizki. 2013.”an introduction to sociolinguistics” .Benteng Media: Pekanbaru
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